Indian Territory, 1862 Part II: Battle of Newtonia

 

Road to Newtonia

While the Federals lost their foothold in Indian Territory, the rest of the Department of Kansas focused on developments in Missouri and Arkansas. Major General Samuel R. Curtis held overall command in this portion of the Trans-Mississippi, with General John Schofield managing affairs in the field with Blunt’s Frontier Division and General James Totten’s Missouri Division.  Southern forces under General Thomas Hindman had fortified Arkansas and by the end of August had formed a line along the border with Missouri. At any time they could make forays there to take advantage of that state’s forage and mills. Cooper played a role in this. Taking advantage of the Federal withdrawal in the latter half of July, he occupied a space in northeastern Indian Territory ten miles west of its border with Missouri. In response Blunt ordered Colonels Salomon and Weer to take their brigades south and look for possible signs of invasion. These various forces were in position for a small, but notable battle at the town of Newtonia. Though this town was in Missouri, not Indian Territory, I feel that it should be included because it shows how the Confederate Indians participated with the territory again back in their hands. It also set the stage for the next Federal entry.[1]

In preparation for his planned campaign in Missouri, Hindman directed several of his subordinates, including those in Indian Territory, to gain a foothold in the southwestern corner of the state, with an eye towards acquiring the Granby lead mines (helpful in creating ammunition).[2] The Confederates occupied a line across southern Missouri that paralleled the Arkansas border. One notable site was of course Granby and its lead mines. Newtonia lay east, to the south, and further south of that was Camp Coffee, where Shelby’s Missourians gathered. Roughly north of Newtonia was Sarcoxie, where in a few days Union army and militia units concentrate. The general area was noted for its mills, which produced vital cereal crops for man and animal alike.[3]

The Indian Home Guards, part of Blunt’s division, were also present in Missouri. On several occasions mounted Confederates sparred with Union Indian encampments. On September 14 some of Jo Shelby’s Missourians attacked a camp of Osage soldiers and runaway slaves. They dispersed them and hunted many down in the nearby woods. Later on at Shirley’s Ford, the 34^th Texas and a partisan band surprise-attacked the 2^nd Indian Home Guards and routed them. Because the Indians usually brought their families along, there was a stampede of women and children. Fortunately for them the Texans and partisans had a falling out over strategy and the former withdrew. This enabled the rallied Union warriors to overwhelm and drive off the partisans. The Indians counted 17 killed and 10 wounded, but in return they captured a flag and killed a Captain George Scraper.[4]

Frederick Salomon

On September 26 Colonel Weer sent patrols out throughout southwest Missouri. One came upon Granby and captured two Rebels. Through them Weer learned of the large Confederate concentration in southwest Missouri. He sent a courier who arrived at Salomon’s camp. Salomon ordered Weer and a brigade of Missouri militia to link up at Sarcoxie. General Curtis also heard of the concentration and urged Schofield to take action. He was to set Blunt’s division into action. Schofield did so and also assured Curtis that the 6,500 men assembling at Sarcoxie would soon be joined by 7,000 men under General Totten, currently getting ready at Springfield.[5]

On the 27^th Douglas Cooper arrived at Camp Coffee with Texan and Indian troops and took command. He sent the 31^st Texas Cavalry and a Cherokee Battalion to Newtonia to convert it into an outpost. The mill there could supply bread for Confederate forces.[6] On September 29 Salomon headed towards the same town and sent out three scouting parties. A portion of Weer’s brigade went to Neosho and scattered a small Confederate garrison, inflicting a few killed and wounded. Another detachment went to Granby and found no one. Colonel Lynde led the advance scouting party on Newtonia with 150 men of his 9^th Kansas Volunteer Cavalry and a pair of mountain howitzers. They came in view of Newtonia from the northwest, on the Sarcoxie Road.[7]

The Kansans drove in pickets and found a heavier picket force based at a deserted house and corn field. Ritchie’s property, including a house, stone barn, cornfield, and stone walls, lay north of town and would be the center of the next two days of action. Lynde also noted another hostile outpost to the rear of his left. He sent a company under Captain Charles Coleman to observe this rearward threat while his howitzers, supported by Major James Pomeroy’s company, shelled the house and field. The shells sent the Confederates scurrying towards Newtonia.[8] Alarmed, Colonel Tresevant Hawpe of the 34^th Texas rushed to Camp Coffee to ask for reinforcements. Cooper, Shelby, and several others mounted their horses and rode over.[9]

Satisfied with his initial gains, Lynde advanced his men again, this time coming within a mile of the town. His howitzers opened fire again, “but the distance was too great for our shells to do any damage.” A pair of prisoners notified him that he faced 2,600 men along with artillery. The Kansas withdrew for the evening.[10] Hearing the firing from afar, Salomon sent reinforcements under Lieutenant-Colonel Jacobi. This included 50 men from the 3^rd Indian Home Guards, a 45-man detachment of the 6^th Kansas Cavalry, two companies of Jacobi’s own 9^th Wisconsin Infantry, and 3 guns from Captain Job Stockton’s 25^th Ohio Volunteer Light Artillery (under Lieutenant Hadley). The 9^th Wisconsin was a largely German regiment, and one pro-Confederate history wrote of them, “as pretty Dutch as ever bolted a bologna or swallowed the foaming lager.”[11]

Among the Confederates, Cooper was alarmed to hear that the Federals were in the vicinity. However he was more concerned about Granby’s lead mines than Newtonia’s mill. He sent Colonel A.M. Alexander’s 34th Texas Cavalry to investigate. Though they found no Federals there, Cooper went with them the next day to fortify the place. This left in place Colonel Hawpe’s regiment of Texans, Major J. M. Bryan’s Cherokee Battalion, and two guns of Hiram Bledsoe’s Battery.[12]

 

The Morning Battle

On the night of September 29-30, Lieutenant-Colonel Jacobi arrived with the reinforcements. He was now the ranking officer on the field. Hadley’s guns deployed on a small elevation. Jacobi attempted to conceal his men in the 6 mile long stretch of timber while the detachment of the 6^th Kansas, under Captain Mefford, sneaked around and cut off the pickets. They were unable to bag them and instead sent them running to the main Confederate force. Jacobi now changed his battle plan. Mefford’s detachment was to go on the left, on the north end of the cornfield. The 9^th Wisconsin men, under Captain Gumal Hesse, advanced to a ravine directly north of town. The guns opened up, targeting the stone barn. Colonel Lynde returned with more of his 9^th Kansas Cavalry and strengthened the Federal position. He placed his howitzers on an elevation to the right, from where they fired a few shells.[13]

The Confederates prepared for a big fight. Hawpe and Bryan’s men took position along the stone fence on the Ritchie property/ Captain Bledsoe’s two guns deployed behind the 31^st  Texas and fired solid shot at the Federals. Hadley’s gunners found themselves exposed to Bledsoe’s shots and received permission to move westward onto a height. To the west Cooper and the 34^th Texas Cavalry, en route to Granby, heard the firing and turned back towards Newtonia.[14]

By 7 AM, Salomon heard even heavier firing. This time he sent forward Colonel George Hall’s brigade of Missouri State Militia to head there, with the brigades of Kansans standing by. Hall wound not reach his destination for 10 hours, causing the greatest controversy of the battle. General Schofield had earlier passed around orders that no one should “risk a defeat.” Uncertain as to how large the enemy was and whether Salomon had any intention of going towards the sound of firing, Hall refused to advance without orders. Not until 10 AM did he receive the message to “Advance immediately toward Newtonia.” Even then Hall had no further information and marched towards Jollification, a town east of Newtonia. If he went through there to Newtonia he would be separated by Cooper’s army.[15]

Back at the action itself, Cooper arrived, took command, and directed the 34^th Texas to line up by the mill. This was done “under a strong fire of grape and Minie balls.” Meanwhile an artillery duel continued. Lieutenant-Colonel Lynde’s report suggested that the artillery on both sides was largely ineffective. Determined to deal some damage, he ordered his howitzers advanced to about 600 yards from the town. Since he had gotten much closer to his target, Hadley ordered his gunners to use canister “The artillery now played on the position of the enemy with marked effect, dealing death and destruction at each discharge, and for a time their guns were silenced.”[16]

The Federal infantry and dismounted cavalry seized some of the outlying buildings, enabling them to pepper Bledsoe’s gunners. In response these advances Cooper ordered the artillery, as well as the 34^th Texas, withdrawn. The latter formed behind a long a stone wall east of Ritchie’s House. Bryan’s battalion went on the left, and the 31^st Texas occupied the stone barn and the yard in front of Ritchie’s House.[17] Seeing the Rebels withdraw, Lynde ordered the 9^th Kansas Cavalry and howitzers forward. From his new position Bledsoe now sparred with a bolstered Union artillery force. One shell went right between the legs of a Texan captain, tearing off the tail of his coat. As it happened the captain had collected apples to eat later and the shell “made pomace of” them “and ruined his lunch.”[18]

The Ritchie House was owned by Matthew E. Ritchey, a Unionist farmer, politician, and mer-
chant (https://www.ksmu.org/local-history/2018-09-06/sense-of-place-the-battles-of-newtonia)

Cooper ordered the 31^st Texas Cavalry to charge the advancing enemy. Apparently Colonel Hawpe did not get the order. “A young captain” who Hawpe did not recognize “came up, cursed my men, called them cowards, and ordered them to come out from behind the wall and charge.” Those near the captain followed his orders and charged in a small, solitary group. Hawpe, supposing that the officer represented Cooper, then ordered the rest of his men forward. The Texans, led personally by Hawpe, leapt over the stone wall and met the Federals in the field. This halted the Federal advance, but the Texans came under heavy artillery and infantry fire. Hawpe ordered his men back to the wall.[19]

The Federals returned to the attack. One group of Wisconsonians, described as “a company of German troops” by civilian onlooker Mary Grabill, went through the yard of her house and turned her front hedge into a wall.[20] The Federals advanced up a ravine against the stone wall. Once they were close the defenders rose and delivered “a perfect stream of fire.”[21] Around this time Bledsoe’s cannons ran out of ammunition and had to pull back. They had been essential to holding off the attackers so now the tide turned against the Confederates.[22] The Federals, outnumbering the roughly 500 Confederates, began to push into town.[23]

The Confederates would have been in a tight, perhaps unwinnable spot if timely reinforcements did not then arrive. First came Lieutenant-Colonel Tandy Walker and his 1^st Choctaw and Chickasaw Regiment. They entered Newtonia “singing their war-songs and giving the war-whoop” and immediately joined the firing line against the 9^th Wisconsin. Next came Jo Shelby’s Missourians, though on this day Lieutenant-Colonel Frank Gordon commanded them as Shelby was in command at Camo Coffee. Throughout the day Shelby sent other units to Newtonia and Cooper gave him much credit in his report. The Missourians aided the Indians in driving the Federals back out of the town, targeting the 6^th Kansas Cavalry.[24]

Years after the battle, Gordon vividly the sight and sound of the Choctaws’ charge. They went out with “the most blood curdling, ear-splitting yell…that I had ever heard” and “then like an avalanche those furious warriors went at them with demon-like savagery.” The veteran compared their war cry “to the unhappy shriek of the lost souls coming up from the dismal depths of endless torture…The rebel yell would have been like sacred music compared to it.” The Wisconsin troops may have been terrified as well as they fell back.[25] The 1^st Missouri also enjoyed success. The 9^th Wisconsin fired a volley that only got a few hits. Then the Missourians “burst their ranks like stubble.”[26]

This Douglas Hall painting shows the Choctaws' charge from the Union side

Colonel J.G. Stevens and his 1^st Texas Partisan (23^rd Texas) Cavalry arrived and immediately attempted to get around the Federal artillery in a column formation. The Texans brushed aside the opposing cavalry after a brief exchange and drove into the infantry. Stevens reported that they captured a good 80 men and killed many others. The 6^th Kansas Cavalry tried to slow the momentum of the Confederates, but Gordon’s Missourians wheeled into their flank and forced them to rush back. Along with the 1^st Choctaw and Chickasaw, they pursued the Federals.[27] The Federals lost many men, but largely survived to fight later on. Their artillery got away from the Texans on the Confederate left. On the right Gordon’s Missourians accidentally mistook the 22^nd Texas Cavalry for the enemy and stopped to form a line of battle. By the time Gordon realized his mistake it was too late to entrap the Federals in a pincer movement.[28]

The Confederates did not give up, however, and chased the Federals. Their primary target was Hadley’s Ohio guns. A fence along the cornfield impeded the Rebels’ movement and the artillery fled down the Sarcoxie Road while infantry and cavalry protected it. The infantry and cavalry formed two lines. When the infantry fired it would draw back behind the cavalry (armed only with revolvers). The cavalry would fire a volley and then go behind the infantry. Keeping this up, they bought time for the artillery to reach the safety of the timber. Unfortunately the opening into the thick woods was very narrow for all the men. This funneled the others and Confederates “poured in upon us a murderous fire.” With the enemy starting to surround them, the Federal cavalry “drew their sabers and cut their way through.” The infantry followed, with dozens throwing down their arms and surrendering because they couldn’t get into the trees in time.[29]

The Union force fell back 3 miles in total. The Confederates followed, but enemy reinforcements had already arrived. Colonel Judson and the rest of the 6^th Kansas Cavalry had rushed to join the others. Judson noted that when his men advanced to the prairie they happened upon “10 killed and wounded” men from the morning’s fight “who were completely stripped of their clothing and left lying in the hot sun.” Hogs had already come out to inspect this food source The Kansans quickly built rail pens and placed the bodies in them so that the hogs could not feast on them. They also came upon and took one Confederate prisoner. They drove back some Confederates with their advanced Sharps rifles. Now Cooper’s men withdrew back towards town and the Federals prepared to advance again. The Rebels “quietly and patiently awaited the second attack.”[30]

 

The Afternoon Battle

Miles away Colonel Hall of the Missouri Militia heard the firing stop. He still had no further information as to exactly where Salomon and the enemy were positioned Fearing correctly (or at least claiming to in his report) that the Confederates had won the morning’s battle and were in his path, he “determined to march west until I struck the road leading from Sarcoxie to Newtonia or until I could learn something about General Salomon’s movements or intentions.”[31]

Back at Newtonia Colonels James G. Stevens and Beal Jeans led their Texas and Missouri regiments to find and observe the Federal right. When they got within 300 yards it opened fire on Jeans’ regiment, Judson’s Kansans using their Sharps carbines. Stevens observed a column coming upon his right. The Confederates went back for their stone walls.[32] Judson advanced his 6^th Kansas along with his howitzers. The guns shelled Newtonia. Howell’s Texas battery, deployed in a graveyard, responded and sent the Federals back to the northern heights.[33]

At 2 PM the rest of Stockton’s Battery alongside other reinforcements had arrived. Stockton positioned his guns on the northern height. He did so and his guns fired solid shot. He noticed that one gun from Howell’s Battery had literally been placed in the stone barn. When it was ready to fire, its handlers would run it up to an open window. He ordered Lieutenant Hubbard to direct his 3-inch rifled guns against this target. Two shells got inside the building and exploded, sending the Confederate artillerists leaping out the windows.[34] Stockton’s missiles also took their toll on Howell’s horses. Private Bill Franklin was sitting on a horse when a shell hit his animal’s shoulder, almost getting the sitter’s leg as well. The projectile burrowed into the horse, “exploding inside the animal, tearing out his entrails and coming out at the flank” The shell then went onto seriously wound another horse. The beast lingered until, after the battle, a soldier mercifully put it down. Franklin survived with a bloodstained saddle and bruised legs.[35]

Salomon finally arrived at the battlefield around 3:30 PM. He found the 6^th Kansas Cavalry and Colonel Phillips’ 3^rd Indian Home Guards on the ridge north of town. He ordered the 6^th Kansas and 2 howitzers to the west, and the Indians to a wooded ravine lined by corn fields and stone fences. Allen and Stockton’s batteries deployed in the center with a battalion of the 10^th Kansas Infantry supporting them on their right and the 9^th Wisconsin on the left. Salomon’s plan was to hold the Confederates in place until Hall arrived with his militia. The main Union officers scanned Newtonia with their binoculars, but there were enough trees amidst the buildings to conceal the full extent of their foe’s movements.[36]

All Union guns opened fire on Newtonia and its defenders. Howell’s battery felt the heat and Cooper ordered it withdrawn to safety.[37] Salomon ordered Stockton’s Battery to support the 3^rd India to advance on the Confederate right, with support from Stockton’s Battery. The 3^rd Indian was able to advance “unperceived” until they reached the stone fence and bushes near the mail. Facing them were Walker’s Indians, just reinforced by Folsom’s additional Choctaws. Folsom’s men went into the cornfield and prompted a shootout. The Indians tore into each other. Several white officers in the 3^rd Indian Home Guard were killed or wounded. One Union bullet knocked Folsom off his horse with a mortal wound. Stockton’s guns lent their assistance to Phillips’ Indians.[38] The next large burst of violence had begun, with the rest of the Federal infantry and dismounted cavalry advancing into the fray. From the Confederate side, Cooper recalled:

The battle was now raging in all parts of the field. Their masses of infantry could be plainly seen advancing in perfect order, with guns and bayonets glittering in the sun. The booming of cannon, the bursting of shells, the air filled with missiles of every description, the rattling crash of small arms, the cheering of our men, and the war-whoop of our Indian allies, all combined to render the scene both grand and terrific.[39]

Cooper saw that his right could be turned by the heavy concentration of infantry. He ordered Captain Howell to send two guns into the corn field. Howell in turn put Lieutenant William A. Routh in charge of these pieces. He positioned them at the end of the ravine where the Indians and Kansans were situated. The pair of cannons blasted the Federals out of the field before reinforcements could bolster their line.[40] Stockton noticed the now thick enemy mass in the cornfield and ordered his guns to concentrate their fire. According to Stockton’s report “the slaughter was terrible, and the officers could be seen by the aid of the glass endeavoring to keep their men in that position, but two percussion shells from my rifled pieces bursting in the midst of what appeared to be a regiment by division in mass they scattered, and rushing upon a fence, crushed it flat to the ground.”[41]

At 5 PM Lieutenant-Colonel M.W. Buster’s Indian Battalion, which had been marching for six hours, arrived and took position on the left flank (Incredibly their hours-long march had been delayed by a murder in the ranks and subsequent investigation).[42] With continual enemy reinforcements, darkness falling, and Hall still nowhere in sight, Salomon gave up on his plan to seize Newtonia. He ordered the retreat. Stockton’s Battery was to cover the withdrawal.[43]

Hall’s morning march to Jollification had delayed him greatly. His westward, course-correcting march to the Sarcoxie Road took about as much time as it would have been to just head to Newtonia when he got the order that morning. Around 4 PM he came upon stragglers from Salomon’s column who informed him about what exactly was transpiring at Newtonia. He finally arrived there at sunset, about half an hour after Salomon had already given up.[44]

With the battle lost, Salomon ordered Hall to cover his retreat. Hall’s brigade did so, coming between the rear of the beaten Federals and the advancing Confederates on the prairie. This halted the enemy, which formed another line of battle and moved forward their big guns. The Federals unlimbered a company of the 1^st Missouri Artillery. The Confederates, now on the ridge, were outline by the moonlight, while the Federals were invisible to them. The Union artillerists fired, giving away their location and illuminating the scene. The Confederate gunners, now having a target, responded. This final phase of the battle saw only one Union casualty, a man “badly wounded by the bursting of the enemy’s shell” in the 3^rd Missouri militia (the only recorded casualty of Hall’s delayed brigade).[45] The Federals, with shells bursting about them, fled off the road into the fields and woods. The Confederates chased them to find wagons, loaded with goods, stuck where they attempted to pass between trees. Under night conditions, Cooper felt compelled to call off any further pursuit. The Confederates had scored a solid victory.[46]

Confederate casualties were as follows: The 1^st Cherokee Battalion 3 wounded; 1^st Choctaw 3 killed, 6 wounded for a total of 9; 1^st Choctaw and Chickasaw 3 killed, 9 wounded, and 1 missing for a total of 13; 1^st Texas Partisan Cavalry 1 killed, 9 wounded, and 1 missing for a total of 11; 31^st Texas Cavalry 13 wounded ; 34^th Texas Cavalry 9 wounded; Jeans’ Regiment 2 wounded and 1 missing for a total of 3; Shelby’s Missourians 4 killed and 11 wounded for a total of 15; and Howell’s Battery 1 killed and 1 wounded. Overall The Confederates suffered 12 killed, 63 wounded, and 3 missing for a total of 78 casualties.[47]

Salomon, perhaps unwilling to admit the scale of his defeat, failed to provide a casualty report for the Union. One earlier history counted 15 killed and 32 wounded, excluding of course the 80 plus captured. Historians have since projected them at about 250, much higher than the Confederates (though some believe the 78 for the Rebels is an underestimate an fact Rebel losses amounted to about 100). A good portion would have been those captured in the mid-morning counterattack. The most concrete, though rounded, casualty listing comes from the 1959 Compendium of the War of the Rebellion. It numbers 50 killed, 8 wounded, and 115 missing.[48]

Next: The aftermath of Newtonia, followed by another Federal movement into Indian Territory

 

Sources

Abel, Annie Heloise. The American Indian in the Civil War, 1862-1865. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1992.

Bearss, Edwin C. “The Army of the Frontier’s First Campaign: The Confederates Win at Newtonia.” Missouri Historical Review 60 (April 1966): 283-319.

Britton, Wiley. The Union Indian Brigade in the Civil War. Kansas City: F. Hudson Publishing Co., 1922.

Cottrell, Steve. Civil War in the Indian Territory. Gretna: Pelican Publishing Company, 1995.

Dyer, Frederick H. A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion. Des Moines: Dyer Publishing Company, 1908.

Edwards, John N. Shelby and His Men or, The War in the West. Cincinnati: Miami and Publishing Co., 1867.

Gass, W.T. “Two Close Calls.” Confederate Veteran 12 (1904): 38-39.

John Brown to Hannah Brown, October 3, 1862, MHS.

Josephy, Alvin M. The Civil War in the American West. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1991.

United States. The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies Vol. XIII. Washington D.C. 1898.

Wood, Larry. The Two Civil War Battles of Newtonia. Hoopla Edition, History Press, 2010.

Yarbrough, Fay A. Choctaw Confederates: The American Civil War in Indian Country. Hoopla Edition, University of North Carolina Press, 2021.

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[1] Wood, Newtonia, hoopla, 27-29; Josephy, American West, 361.

[2] Abel, American Indian, 194.

[3] Edwin C. Bearss, “The Army of the Frontier’s First Campaign: The Confederates Win at Newtonia,” Missouri Historical Review 60 (April 1966), 284-285; Fay A. Yarborough, Choctaw Confederates: The American Civil War in Indian Country, (Hoopla Edition, University of North Carolina Press, 2021), 105.

[4] Cottrell, Indian Territory, 53-54; Britton, Indian Brigade, 88.

[5] Bearss, “The Army of the Frontier’s First Campaign,” 287, 290; Wood, Newtonia, hoopla, 33.

[6] OR XIII, 297.

[7] Josephy, American West, 361; Bearss, “The Army of the Frontier’s First Campaign,” 292; OR XIII, 287; Wood, Newtonia, hoopla, 35.

[8] OR XIII, 291-292.

[9] Wood, Newtonia, hoopla, 35.

[10] OR XIII, 292.

[11] OR XIII, 287; Wood, Newtonia, hoopla, 36; Edwards, Shelby and His Men, 87.

[12] OR XIII, 297, 301.

[13] OR XIII, 292. 294; Wood, Newtonia, hoopla, 36; Bearss, “The Army of the Frontier’s First Campaign,” 297-299.

[14] OR XIII, 297; Wood, Newtonia, hoopla, 37, 39.

[15] OR XIII, 287; Bearss, “The Army of the Frontier’s First Campaign,” 311.

[16] OR XIII, 291-292, 295, 297.

[17] Wood, Newtonia, hoopla, 40; OR XIII, 297.

[18] Wood, Newtonia, hoopla, 40; W.T. Gass, “Two Close Calls,” Confederate Veteran 12 (1904), 39.

[19] OR XIII, 297, 305-306.

[20] Wood, Newtonia, hoopla, 41.

[21] OR XIII, 292.

[22] Bearss, “The Army of the Frontier’s First Campaign,” 304.

[23] OR XIII, 301.

[24] OR XIII, 297-298, 300.

[25] Wood, Newtonia, hoopla, 41-42.

[26] Edwards, Shelby and His Men, 88.

[27] OR XIII, 304; Edwards, Shelby and His Men, 88.

[28] Wood, Newtonia, hoopla, 43.

[29] Wood, Newtonia, hoopla, 44-45; Bearss, “The Army of the Frontier’s First Campaign,” 307.

[30] OR XIII, 291, 301; Wood, Newtonia, hoopla, 45-46; Bearss, “The Army of the Frontier’s First Campaign,” 311.

[31] OR XIII, 289-290.

[32] OR XIII, 304; Wood, Newtonia, hoopla, 48.

[33] Bearss, “The Army of the Frontier’s First Campaign,” 312.

[34] OR XIII, 295.

[35] Gass, “Two Close Calls,” 38.

[36] OR XIII, 287; Britton, Indian Brigade, 95.

[37] Bearss, “The Army of the Frontier’s First Campaign,” 314.

[38] OR XIII, 295, 298; Wood, Newtonia, hoopla, 50.

[39] OR XIII, 299.

[40] OR XIII, 299.

[41] OR XIII, 295-296.

[42] OR XIII, 303.

[43] Wood, Newtonia, hoopla, 52.

[44] OR XIII, 290.

[45] OR XIII, 290, 299; Wood, Newtonia, hoopla, 53; John Brown to Hannah Brown, October 3, 1862, MHS.

[46] OR XIII, 299.

[47] OR XIII, 301.

[48] Britton, Indian Brigade, 99; Wood, Newtonia, hoopla, 53; Frederick H. Dyer, A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion, (Des Moines: Dyer Publishing Company, 1908), 804.